This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the development status of China's road transport enterprises during the period from the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011–2015) to the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020). Against the backdrop of national policy support, it explores significant achievements in enterprise structural optimization, market expansion, and advancements in informatization, intelligent technologies, and new energy technologies. Research indicates that recent advancements in information technology, intelligent transportation systems, and online freight platforms have effectively enhanced transport efficiency and diversified transportation services. However, the industry continues to face challenges including imbalances between transport capacity and demand, insufficient informatization levels, inadequate safety management systems, and operational cost pressures, which constrain further development. To address these challenges, the paper proposes solutions including optimizing transport capacity allocation, enhancing information technology levels, improving safety management systems, promoting multimodal transport, and strengthening corporate collaboration. Looking ahead, the article emphasizes that technological innovation, diversification of the industrial ecosystem, and optimization of organizational management will be key directions for industry development. These measures aim to foster the sustainable development of road transport enterprises, meet the demands of national economic growth, and enhance their international competitiveness.