Future Prospects: Nanolignin in a Net-Zero and Bio-Circular Economy

Nanolignin is an innovative form of bio-based nanomaterials produced from lignin by-products of lignocellulosic biomass. In this manner, nanolignin provides an innovative solution to the challenge of reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) to net-zero emissions, supporting a bio-circular economy that uses biomass products multiple times and in many ways. In biorefining, nanolignin transforms industrial waste into valuable functional materials with higher surface area, unique chemistry, and extensive industrial applications. Some examples of these industries and applications are sustainable packaging, agronomy, environmental remediation, and energy; thus, nanolignin can be used as a substitute for traditional polymer materials and fossil fuel-based fillers. In the context of green manufacturing and biorefining, nanolignin supports the cascading use of biomass and enhances resource efficiency and ultimately the circular economy, while also reducing GHG emissions. The biodegradability and eco-compatibility of nanolignin are considered in this chapter in the context of the sustainable management of materials. Even with challenges related to feedstock variability, scalability, and environmental assessment, this chapter summarizes recent advances in green manufacturing techniques and biorefining processes that strongly suggest nanolignin’s potential as a critical material in the evolution of more resilient, low-carbon, and bio-based industrial systems.