Plant developmental processes and stress-response pathways are interconnected. A holistic understanding of these molecular networks would help us appreciate the complexity of these interactions and also suggest novel molecular targets for crop improvement. In this regard, research so far has identified multiple molecular regulators of growth and stress responses, including hormones, transcription factors, microRNAs, and other gene regulatory components, and signaling pathways. Transcriptomic studies such as RNA-sequencing and microarray offer an in-depth understanding of these processes. The present chapter attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular regulation of major plant developmental stages (germination, shoot and root development, transition to flowering, and fruit and seed development). Subsequently, transcriptomic studies investigating stress-induced molecular changes during these developmental stages in various plant species are summarized.