Transcriptomics and epitranscriptomics have revolutionized our understanding of RNA biology in plants, providing detailed insights into gene expression, regulatory mechanisms and adaptive responses to environmental signals. Recent advances in sequencing technologies, including next-generation and third-generation sequencing, have enabled high-resolution transcriptome analysis, revealing the complexity of coding and noncoding RNAs, alternative splicing and gene regulatory networks. Epitranscriptomics further expands this landscape by uncovering post-transcriptional RNA modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C) and pseudouridine (Ψ), which influence RNA stability, translation and stress adaptation. The integration of these approaches with computational tools and other “omics” technologies is driving innovations in plant science, with promising applications in crop improvement, stress resilience and medicinal plant research. This introductory chapter explores the evolution of transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic technologies, current methodologies, their impact on modern plant biology and future challenges.