Advances in sequencing technology have generated large amounts of high-quality genomic, amplicon, and transcriptomic data that are enabling analysis of genetic variation in plants. These genomic technologies are supporting conservation and enabling analysis and use of crop diversity in plant breeding. Identification of superior alleles and their transfer using modern genomic tools, such as genome editing, enable rapid development of new varieties. Genomics also provides opportunities for enhancing food security by domesticating new crops and exploring better environments for crop production in the face of climate change. The genetic diversity of wild plant populations is expected to change over time due to climatic and anthropogenic factors. Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of plant diversity is providing insights into the genetic mechanisms of climate adaptation.