The Processes of Communalism and Agrarian distress seem to have become watchwords in contemporary India. This chapter showcases and analyses the interrelationship between the two parallel processes through an in-depth case study in one of India’s most rural provinces, Bihar. It addresses three interrelated issues which the author feels have remained unaddressed in the large body of literature on the theme. The theorisation on riots with few exceptions has so far been limited to exploring their causes and occurrence in the urban sphere. Hence, the first task that it undertakes is to explain the emergence and preponderance of rural communal tensions that have rocked the state of Bihar in the last decade. Second, it addresses the basic question: How does one think about communalisation in an area which does not have any history of communalism or communal memory? The third issue that animates the chapter is the structural relationship between seemingly dichotomous subjects of rural transformation and communalisation. Towards this, the chapter draws an intriguing and multifaceted initiative aimed at documenting the complex interplay between rural transformation, the evolving behaviour of rural youth, and the shifting strategies of community mobilisation.