This chapter traces the historical evolution of Japan’s immigration policy, focusing on the transition from a restrictive, insular system to a more pragmatic, labour-oriented framework. Akashi and Higashihira examine major legislative reforms, particularly the 2019 and 2024 amendments to the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act, which expanded pathways for foreign workers. The chapter provides institutional and legal analysis of Japan’s multi-layered immigration mechanisms while also discussing the growing presence of Central Asian migrants in Japan, a previously understudied demographic. Through extensive policy data and scholarly literature, the authors frame Japan as an “emerging migration state” navigating demographic decline, labour shortages, and global competition. They conclude that Japan is gradually shifting toward de facto immigration despite political reluctance.