This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of migration dynamics in Central Asia from 1990 to 2020, tracing patterns of both inbound and outbound mobility using UN International Migrant Stock data. Sonoda demonstrates that Kazakhstan has emerged as a unique “immigrant society,” while its neighbours—Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan—have experienced long-term declines in immigrant populations and rising levels of emigration. The chapter situates Central Asia within broader comparative migration frameworks, identifying how Soviet legacies, demographic trends, and regional labour markets continue to structure mobility. Drawing on Central Asian Barometer (2021) survey data, the chapter also assesses public attitudes toward migration destinations and expectations for future labour mobility, showing shifting preferences influenced by economic opportunities and geopolitical uncertainty. Through its empirical and comparative approach, this chapter offers a valuable baseline for understanding the evolving migration landscape in Central Asia and the region’s growing importance in global labour flows.