Pongamia pinnata, known as Indian beech or Karanja, is an ecologically resilient, fast-growing leguminous tree with a diverse array of applications in agriculture, energy, health, and industry. Despite its extensive range of uses, Pongamia pinnata remains underutilized globally due to its long maturity period (4-6 years), inconsistent yields from seed propagation, and the absence of established commercial cultivation systems. Its widespread adoption is further hindered by limited awareness, inadequate oil processing infrastructure, and minimal breeding efforts. Native to tropical Asia and now cultivated globally, this species offers significant potential as a biodiesel feedstock due to its high seed oil content and tolerance to degraded land. The Pongamia seed oil is rich in bioactive compounds like karanjin and Pongamol, which also demonstrate pharmacological efficacy and are increasingly being explored for their use in the cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and biopesticide industries. Technological advancements in seed processing, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction and nanotechnology-enabled formulations, have enhanced both oil yield and its functional value. Moreover, P. pinnata contributes to circular economy models through its utility in bioplastics, soil conditioners, and decentralized energy systems. Despite promising developments, challenges remain in terms of regulatory standardization, seed trade infrastructure, and toxicity management. Ongoing clinical research and policy support from the government are crucial for unlocking the plant’s full potential as a sustainable, seed-based bioresource supporting climate-smart agriculture, renewable energy, and rural livelihoods. This chapter comprehensively explores the agronomic, biochemical, and industrial potential of Pongamia pinnata, highlighting its strategic role as a sustainable seed-based resource aligned with global goals for renewable energy, environmental stewardship, and rural livelihood development.