The Mu Us Sandy Land is one of the four major sandy lands, namely Hulun Buir, Horqin, Hunshan Dake, and Mu Us, located mainly in the Ordos Plateau at the junction of the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with Shaanxi Province and the Ningxia Huizu Autonomous Region. The total area of the current Mu Us Sandy Land is about 32,100 km2, accounting for 4.7% of the total desert area in China. The average annual precipitation from 1955 to 2021 was 271.1 mm, 63% of which was concentrated from July to September, resulting in heavy rains and storms in the summer (Ran et al. 2025). The annual average evaporation is 2226.8 mm, which is 8.2 times the rainfall, so droughts occur frequently. The average annual temperature over 66 years was 7.2 °C, with the lowest temperature being −24.6 °C on February 8, 1957, and the highest temperature being 30.6 °C on July 20, 2000. The Mu Us Sandy Land has a cold and dry winter and a humid and warm summer. Moreover, the average annual temperature from 1982 to 2014 has been consistently rising (Fig. 3.4a) (Xiu et al. 2018) (Fig. 3.1).