Mustard (Brassica spp.) crop is the third most important crop in terms of vegetable oil production globally, after palm and soybean. Due to its high susceptibility to certain biotic and abiotic stresses, Brassica crops experience substantial impact on its production and crop quality. Historically, mustard has been bred to be resistant to many biotic and abiotic stresses through breeding methods; however, different stresses can overcome this resistance by altering their metabolic cycles. Increased temperatures, drought, and soil salinization are just a few of the severe occurrences that are becoming more frequent due to the current climate change scenario leading to increased food security risk. This study aims to highlight the of application of variety of chemical priming, green strategies and modern technologies of gene editing and high-throughput phenotyping. Brassica juncea (L.) commonly known as Indian mustard is a significant edible oil crop from an economic standpoint. Plant breeders have created numerous superior B. juncea cultivars with improved yield characteristics previously, but because of lack of many resistant donors, most of the research on stress resilience trait introgression has mostly lagged schedule. Attention has been drawn to the possible use of enhanced plant resilience and tolerance against environmental challenges in the context of climate-smart and sustainable agriculture. Although mustard is grown in a broad region, crop production has decreased recently due to abiotic factors affecting plant growth and development. Nowadays, one of the biggest challenges in agriculture is maintaining crop productivity or crop load under adverse environmental conditions. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a summary of breeding strategies that have been effective in reducing environmental challenges in mustard crops through implementation of breeding programs.