Mustard crops, predominantly from the genus Brassica, are critical to global agriculture, contributing significantly to the edible oil industry, animal feed, and green manure. However, their productivity is threatened by biotic stresses, including fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases, as well as insect pests. Key pathogens such as Alternaria brassicae and Xanthomonas campestris, along with pests like aphids, significantly reduce yield and quality. The overuse of chemical pesticides has led to environmental challenges, emphasizing the need for sustainable alternatives. Advances in molecular biology, including marker-assisted selection, genetic engineering, and RNA interference, offer promising solutions for developing resilient mustard varieties. Additionally, integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) strategies combining biotechnological tools with ecological practices provide a holistic approach to mitigating biotic stresses. This chapter discusses the current challenges and recent advancements in mustard crop improvement, highlighting the role of biotechnology and ecological management in enhancing crop resilience. The future of mustard cultivation lies in leveraging these technologies to ensure sustainable production, food security, and environmental sustainability.