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Decades ago, most regions outside Jawa and those in Eastern Indonesia stood as a stark symbol of less-developed parts of Indonesia. At the time, outside Jawa faced greater infrastructure deficiencies than Jawa. The disparities between regions were glaring, with income, wealth, and opportunities concentrated in Jawa. Any measures of interregional inequality confirmed the observation.

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Introduction

  • 章节

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Iwan J. Azis

摘要

Decades ago, most regions outside Jawa and those in Eastern Indonesia stood as a stark symbol of less-developed parts of Indonesia. At the time, outside Jawa faced greater infrastructure deficiencies than Jawa. The disparities between regions were glaring, with income, wealth, and opportunities concentrated in Jawa. Any measures of interregional inequality confirmed the observation.