Persian Ta’ārof is a dominant complex communicational strategy and a vital part of the Iranian conversational contract, which is used in various situations and fulfills diverse functions so and hence it is usually considered part of the Iranian “etiquette.” It has long been a distinctive verbal and behavioral characteristic of Persian culture and is generally considered relationship-strengthening. Nevertheless, some researchers have pointed to its rare social distance-creating function. The present research aimed to attest the social distance-creating functions of Ta’ārof through the views of a sample of Persian speakers. In this vein, the article reviewed and rethought the theories of politeness and impoliteness and looked into Ta’ārof functions through Arundel’s concepts of connection and separation and Koutlaki’s ethnographic approach to Ta’ārof. Hence, an attitude assessment questionnaire was designed and distributed among Iranian Persian speakers through an educational website to collect their interpretations of Ta’ārof through a spectrum of connective and separative functions. The research aimed at answering the following questions: (1) How do Persian speakers define Ta’ārof? (2) How do they evaluate people who do not use Ta’ārof? and (3) How do they interpret Ta’ārof functions and their emotional outcomes? The study showed that Persian speakers are well aware of both connective and separative functions of Ta’ārof, and yet the majority interpret Ta’ārof as a connective communicational strategy. It also showed that most of the informants do not consider people who do not use Ta’ārof as impolite; however, they consider them as cold but frank. The informants have portrayed Ta’ārof functions in a spectrum, starting from energizing society to unreasonable complicating communication and even misleading the audience. Ta’ārof is viewed as rarely implying impoliteness and violence. However, imposition, stress and pressure, misunderstanding, and discomfort were considered some major malfunctions and emotional outcomes of Ta’ārof.

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Revisiting Functions and Emotional Outcomes of Persian Ta’ārof: In a Spectrum of Politeness to Impoliteness

  • Negar Davari Ardakani,
  • Mahdiye Arvin

摘要

Persian Ta’ārof is a dominant complex communicational strategy and a vital part of the Iranian conversational contract, which is used in various situations and fulfills diverse functions so and hence it is usually considered part of the Iranian “etiquette.” It has long been a distinctive verbal and behavioral characteristic of Persian culture and is generally considered relationship-strengthening. Nevertheless, some researchers have pointed to its rare social distance-creating function. The present research aimed to attest the social distance-creating functions of Ta’ārof through the views of a sample of Persian speakers. In this vein, the article reviewed and rethought the theories of politeness and impoliteness and looked into Ta’ārof functions through Arundel’s concepts of connection and separation and Koutlaki’s ethnographic approach to Ta’ārof. Hence, an attitude assessment questionnaire was designed and distributed among Iranian Persian speakers through an educational website to collect their interpretations of Ta’ārof through a spectrum of connective and separative functions. The research aimed at answering the following questions: (1) How do Persian speakers define Ta’ārof? (2) How do they evaluate people who do not use Ta’ārof? and (3) How do they interpret Ta’ārof functions and their emotional outcomes? The study showed that Persian speakers are well aware of both connective and separative functions of Ta’ārof, and yet the majority interpret Ta’ārof as a connective communicational strategy. It also showed that most of the informants do not consider people who do not use Ta’ārof as impolite; however, they consider them as cold but frank. The informants have portrayed Ta’ārof functions in a spectrum, starting from energizing society to unreasonable complicating communication and even misleading the audience. Ta’ārof is viewed as rarely implying impoliteness and violence. However, imposition, stress and pressure, misunderstanding, and discomfort were considered some major malfunctions and emotional outcomes of Ta’ārof.