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In complex continuous-time system models such as airborne cyber-physical systems (CPS), the equations of motion are expressed as a combination of mathematical functions and data tables obtained from laboratory measurements such as wind tunnels. For simulation purposes, a table look-up process is required as part of calculating the motion dynamics of an airborne vehicle to mimic the actual system. Currently, the table look-up process in flight simulations for pilot training purposes uses the piecewise linear interpolation (PLI) method. In this paper, the B-spline table look-up is formulated that can be used for engineering cyber in the loop simulation (CILS) of airborne cyber-physical systems. A flowchart and implementation of the B-spline table look-up in C/C++ have been developed. The results show that for table data with suddenly changes, the nonlinear B-spline table look-up method is superior to PLI. The nonlinear B-spline table look-up method includes and generalizes the conventional PLI. For m=1, B-spline interpolation is PLI. Furthermore, an adaptive interpolation is obtained by choosing the order m that corresponds to the characteristics (continuous differentiability) of the aerodynamic coefficient data under consideration.

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B-Spline Based Aerodynamic Table Look-up for Cyber in the Loop Simulation of Air Vehicle Cyber-Physical System

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Bambang Sridadi,
  • Endra Joelianto,
  • Yul Yunazwin Nazaruddin

摘要

In complex continuous-time system models such as airborne cyber-physical systems (CPS), the equations of motion are expressed as a combination of mathematical functions and data tables obtained from laboratory measurements such as wind tunnels. For simulation purposes, a table look-up process is required as part of calculating the motion dynamics of an airborne vehicle to mimic the actual system. Currently, the table look-up process in flight simulations for pilot training purposes uses the piecewise linear interpolation (PLI) method. In this paper, the B-spline table look-up is formulated that can be used for engineering cyber in the loop simulation (CILS) of airborne cyber-physical systems. A flowchart and implementation of the B-spline table look-up in C/C++ have been developed. The results show that for table data with suddenly changes, the nonlinear B-spline table look-up method is superior to PLI. The nonlinear B-spline table look-up method includes and generalizes the conventional PLI. For m=1, B-spline interpolation is PLI. Furthermore, an adaptive interpolation is obtained by choosing the order m that corresponds to the characteristics (continuous differentiability) of the aerodynamic coefficient data under consideration.