This chapter provides an exploration of the historical and ongoing significance of the Australian steel industry, once central to national development and still a key part of modern industry. While the sector has declined in employment and output since its peak in the 1960s and 1970s, it remains vital through its contributions to infrastructure, manufacturing, exports, and national security. Despite global shifts and technological changes, steel continues to underpin many sectors of the economy and holds strategic importance in Australia’s industrial and defence capabilities.