This chapter navigates the landscape of sociological theories of development through the lens of the modernization perspective. It begins by examining Max Weber’s theoretical premise, delving into the impact of cultural and religious factors on development. The narrative then extends to Amartya Sen’s contemporary theoretical framework, emphasizing a broader view that incorporates social and human development indicators. Of particular significance is the analysis of Sen’s theory of sustainable development within the context of the capability approach and social justice system. However, this chapter also critically evaluates the limitations and lack of practical implications associated with the capability approach, social justice system, and the substantive role of freedom under the framework of capitalism. Through constructive reasoning, this chapter offers insights into the strengths and limitations of the modernization perspective, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of this sociological approach to development. Ultimately, this chapter concludes by summarizing key contributions and facilitating a seamless transition to subsequent chapters exploring diverse sociological perspectives on development.