As the scale of mountainous wind farms expands, the issue of lightning protection for wind turbines has become increasingly prominent. Traditional ohmic methods for detecting faults such as disconnections in lightning protection cables rely on cranes or climbing robots, which suffer from low efficiency and high costs. This paper applies the high-frequency pulse method to detect faults in the lightning protection cables of wind turbine blades. First, the fundamental principles of this detection method are analyzed. Through simulations and experiments, the effects of different pulse widths, pulse amplitudes, and variations in the equivalent inductance and capacitance of the lightning protection cable on fault detection are examined. The feasibility of the detection method is verified, key detection parameters are optimized, and critical influencing factors and irrelevant parameters are identified. The findings of this study provide valuable guidance for the design and application of practical detection systems.