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To mitigate the global climate crisis, power systems are increasingly integrating inverter-based resources (IBRs), which displace synchronous generators’ output, driving systems toward low-inertia operation and compromising frequency stability. Investigating Critical Inertia Requirement (CIR) assessment methods and virtual inertia allocation strategies is essential to enhance grid operators’ awareness of inertia reserves and ensure frequency security. CIR and its dependency on renewable virtual inertia dynamically adapt to operational state variations. This study first analyzes the composition of inertia resources in low-inertia systems and develops separate models based on multi-unit frequency dynamics to establish a frequency response simulation framework. Subsequently, a CIR assessment method is proposed by leveraging the distinct characteristics of grid-following IBRs (GFL-IBRs) and grid-forming IBRs (GFM-IBRs), incorporating frequency security constraints and solved iteratively via the bisection method. Validation on the IEEE 39-bus system confirms the method’s efficacy in quantifying CIR and virtual inertia requirements, offering critical insights for inertia-aware operation in renewable-rich grids.

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Critical Inertia Requirement Assessment Considering Virtual Inertia of Inverter-Based Resources

  • 会议论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Yanting Wang,
  • Guobin Fu,
  • Kaixuan Yang,
  • Haibin Sun,
  • Wenwei Zheng

摘要

To mitigate the global climate crisis, power systems are increasingly integrating inverter-based resources (IBRs), which displace synchronous generators’ output, driving systems toward low-inertia operation and compromising frequency stability. Investigating Critical Inertia Requirement (CIR) assessment methods and virtual inertia allocation strategies is essential to enhance grid operators’ awareness of inertia reserves and ensure frequency security. CIR and its dependency on renewable virtual inertia dynamically adapt to operational state variations. This study first analyzes the composition of inertia resources in low-inertia systems and develops separate models based on multi-unit frequency dynamics to establish a frequency response simulation framework. Subsequently, a CIR assessment method is proposed by leveraging the distinct characteristics of grid-following IBRs (GFL-IBRs) and grid-forming IBRs (GFM-IBRs), incorporating frequency security constraints and solved iteratively via the bisection method. Validation on the IEEE 39-bus system confirms the method’s efficacy in quantifying CIR and virtual inertia requirements, offering critical insights for inertia-aware operation in renewable-rich grids.