The global demand for plastics continues to rise with increasing population and industrialization, contributing significantly to environmental degradation due to their persistence and improper disposal. To address the growing ecological concerns, bioplastics and biodegradable nanomaterials have emerged as promising sustainable alternatives. These materials offer the potential to reduce reliance on conventional fossil-based plastics while enabling diverse applications across sectors such as packaging, agriculture, and healthcare. This chapter provides a synopsis of bioplastics and biodegradable nanomaterials, outlining their characteristics, manufacturing processes, and potential uses at the end of their useful lives. It further explores their environmental impacts through life cycle analysis (LCA) and evaluates their role in advancing circular economy principles. By integrating innovation in material science with sustainable development goals, the chapter aims to shed light on the transformative potential of bioplastics in achieving global plastic waste management and ecological sustainability.