This study investigates the impact of transportation infrastructure on economic growth in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), Indonesia, with a focus on the period 2016–2023. Using panel data regression analysis, this study examined variables including the HDI, and the number of vehicles (cars, motorcycles, and buses) in five districts/cities in Yogyakarta. The findings show a significant positive relationship between transportation infrastructure, human development, and regional economic growth. In particular, the number of motorcycles, cars, and HDI has a considerable influence on economic growth, while the number of buses shows an insignificant impact. The results of this study highlight the important role of transportation infrastructure in improving economic activities by increasing accessibility, supporting mobility, and encouraging economic activities, especially in the tourism, services, and trade sectors. The study contributes to the literature on regional economic development, providing policy recommendations to develop sustainable and inclusive transportation infrastructure that can promote economic growth while improving the quality of life in culturally diverse areas such as Yogyakarta.