The anonymity and decentralization features of cryptocurrencies have facilitated complex on-chain money laundering activities, as exemplified by the Bybit attack in February 2025, where hackers exploited a multi-signature vulnerability to steal approximately $1.4 billion worth of ETH. This study constructs a multidimensional framework utilizing labeled data, transaction network structures, and cross-chain path analysis to investigate money laundering behaviors on the Ethereum network. Through graph model analysis of a large-scale network (11000+ nodes and 14000+ edges), we explore account attributes, transaction topology, and fund flows, systematically dissecting money laundering strategies. Key findings reveal that money laundering accounts exhibit unique patterns throughout the laundering cycle: short lifespan, high transaction frequency, small-value transfers, decentralized cross-chain dispersal, and the utilization of coin mixing pathways. This research provides essential methodologies and empirical references for cryptocurrency regulation, risk account monitoring, and blockchain forensic audits.

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Understanding Ethereum Money Laundering via Transaction Network Analysis: A Case Study of the Bybit Incident

  • Yanli Ding,
  • Dan Lin,
  • Weipeng Zou,
  • Bozhao Zhang,
  • Jun Wang,
  • Ting Chen,
  • Letian Sha,
  • Jiajing Wu

摘要

The anonymity and decentralization features of cryptocurrencies have facilitated complex on-chain money laundering activities, as exemplified by the Bybit attack in February 2025, where hackers exploited a multi-signature vulnerability to steal approximately $1.4 billion worth of ETH. This study constructs a multidimensional framework utilizing labeled data, transaction network structures, and cross-chain path analysis to investigate money laundering behaviors on the Ethereum network. Through graph model analysis of a large-scale network (11000+ nodes and 14000+ edges), we explore account attributes, transaction topology, and fund flows, systematically dissecting money laundering strategies. Key findings reveal that money laundering accounts exhibit unique patterns throughout the laundering cycle: short lifespan, high transaction frequency, small-value transfers, decentralized cross-chain dispersal, and the utilization of coin mixing pathways. This research provides essential methodologies and empirical references for cryptocurrency regulation, risk account monitoring, and blockchain forensic audits.