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The tale of Kalundborg’s industrial symbiosis is based on the complex interactions of location, industrial necessity, and political economy rather than on abrupt technological advancements [1]. It is crucial to place the origins of this small Danish town in the context of Denmark’s industrialization trajectory in the middle of the twentieth century, the local resource conditions, and the structural constraints of traditional production models in order to comprehend why it became the most cited example of circular industrial collaboration in the world.

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Loops of Value: The Kalundborg Industrial Symbiosis and the Architecture of Circular Exchange in Denmark

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Ali Cheshmehzangi

摘要

The tale of Kalundborg’s industrial symbiosis is based on the complex interactions of location, industrial necessity, and political economy rather than on abrupt technological advancements [1]. It is crucial to place the origins of this small Danish town in the context of Denmark’s industrialization trajectory in the middle of the twentieth century, the local resource conditions, and the structural constraints of traditional production models in order to comprehend why it became the most cited example of circular industrial collaboration in the world.