Agricultural extension is vital for global food security, providing farmers with essential knowledge, skills, and technologies to enhance productivity and resilience. Using Scopus, this study does a bibliometric analysis to investigate how agricultural extension contributed to food security between 2010 and 2025. A total of 296 relevant publications from 179 sources were identified, with a yearly growth rate of −2.67% and an average of 19.16 citations per document. The research highlights strong collaboration, involving 1300 authors, an international co-authorship rate of 37.16% and an average of 4.64 co-authors per document. The United States leads in publications (18.58%), followed by China (16.89%) and India (13.51%). Keyword analysis identifies “food security” as the most frequently occurring term, followed by “agriculture,” “climate change,” and “food supply.” Network analysis reveals four key thematic clusters: (1) human and environmental dimensions, (2) agricultural systems and innovations, (3) institutional and policy arrangements, and (4) adaptive strategies and technological innovations. The study emphasizes the growing importance of interdisciplinary approaches, digital extension services, and ICT-driven models. Future research should prioritize expanding participatory approaches and integrating extension services into broader agricultural policies to strengthen their role in addressing food security challenges.