First Nations Australians are among the most incarcerated people in the world, and the data demonstrates that First Nations women represent the fastest growing population in Australian prisons. Despite attempts at legislative, judicial, and community levels to address the criminogenic factors underlying the crisis, the problem persists. This chapter examines the current trend of over-incarceration of women, with a focus on the Australian jurisdiction. The chapter introduces the criminogenic factors that affect the criminalisation of First Nations peoples, before narrowing the focus to the criminogenesis of First Nations women in the Australian carceral criminal justice system. The identity of First Nations people, sometimes referred to as ‘Aboriginality’, is considered to provide grounding and context for who this book talks about when it talks about First Nations people; ultimately, a self-identification model is adopted. This chapter sets out the crisis of over-incarceration experienced by First Nations women and forms the basis for the following chapters.