A scaffold provides a fundamental framework into which cells and growth factors are incorporated to develop replacement tissues. Advanced manufacturing methods, i.e., stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and electrospinning, are commonly employed for scaffold development and the integration of bio-based natural materials. However, microwave processing has gained recognition as a promising method for manufacturing polymer-based composites due to its advantages, including uniform and rapid heating, energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and enhanced mechanical properties. Both natural polymers, including cellulose, starch, collagen, elastin, and keratin, and synthetic polymers, like polylactic acid and polyglycolic acid, are utilized in the synthesis of polymer-based biomaterials. Polymeric scaffold composites exhibit key properties such as porosity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and desirable mechanical performance, making them highly applicable in medical fields. These characteristics are governed by parameters such as the composition of the polymer matrix, the type of reinforcement, the porogen agent, and the structural arrangement of the constituents.