Rising demand for renewable energy has increased interest in biofuels as sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels. This chapter examines the bioconversion of agricultural and industrial waste into first- and second-generation biofuels, addressing waste valorization, energy security, and environmental sustainability. The study explores lignocellulosic biomass and agricultural residues as feedstocks, utilizing both biochemical and thermochemical conversion pathways, including fermentation, anaerobic digestion, and pyrolysis. Key focus areas include microbial consortia optimization, engineered strains, and advanced bioreactor design to enhance biofuel yields. The chapter evaluates environmental benefits, economic feasibility, and policy frameworks for widespread adoption. Life cycle assessment (LCA) demonstrates long-term sustainability through carbon footprint reduction and integration with existing industrial systems. This waste-to-biofuel approach promotes a circular bioeconomy, reduces waste disposal challenges, and aligns global climate action goals through multidisciplinary strategies.