Geotechnical Excavation Based on a Diamond-Shaped Tunnel Utilizing Finite Element Strategy, Analysis, and Research Directives

This work examines the geotechnical excavation of diamond-shaped tunnels using three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) to evaluate surface settling, stress redistribution, and plastic deformation. This research utilizes the Drucker–Prager soil plasticity model to analyze pre- and post-excavation stress levels, offering insights into the impact of unconventional tunnel geometry on stress concentration and displacement patterns. The research indicates a 2.07% decrease in von Mises stress post-excavation, a peak vertical displacement of 1.39 m at the tunnel apex, and notable plastic deformation zones along the tunnel walls. The suggested methodology improves comprehension of stress gradients, elastoplastic behavior, and soil-structure interaction, filling current research voids in nonstandard tunnel geometries. The results enhance the formulation of superior design solutions to mitigate excavation-related hazards and optimize reinforcing techniques, therefore promoting safer and more efficient geotechnical engineering procedures.