This study evaluates the potential of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) obtained through landfill mining as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels, particularly in India’s cement industry. The research outlines the methodologies for RDF extraction from legacy waste, including bio-remediation, bio-mining, and mechanical sorting processes. A detailed techno-economic analysis is conducted based on Indian case studies and international projects, such as in Lebanon and Pakistan, highlighting RDF’s role in co-processing in cement industry. Findings indicate that, despite variability in RDF quality from aged waste, approximately 1.72 million tonnes of RDF can be recovered annually from Indian landfills. However, substituting 30% of coal in cement kilns would require 20.76 million tonnes of RDF (at 300 kcal/kg), potentially reducing CO₂ emissions by 9.38 million tonnes per year an 11.3% reduction in the sector’s carbon footprint. The study underscores significant environmental and economic benefits, including reduced methane emissions, landfill dependency, and fossil fuel consumption. However, barriers such as inconsistent waste composition, safety risks, and limited processing infrastructure remains. This chapter concludes that strategic investments in processing technology, public–private partnerships, and regulatory support are vital to scaling RDF valorisation and achieving circular economy goals in emerging economies.