To construct unique biological systems that are not found in nature, the interdisciplinary discipline of synthetic biology combines biology, engineering, and computational science. It is a potent platform for treating complicated neurological conditions like epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease because it provides programmable, modular tools for precise control of cellular activities. Since neurological disorders now cause more than 43% of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) worldwide, their increasing incidence emphasizes the critical need for novel treatment approaches. Through designed pathways, biosensors, and synthetic gene circuits, synthetic biology offers revolutionary possibilities that allow for previously unheard-of levels of precision in the diagnosis and treatment of brain illnesses. Researchers can find dysregulated pathways and new treatment targets by utilizing cutting-edge technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, programmable cells, and multi-omics data integration (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics). Deciphering illness heterogeneity and creating individualized therapies require this systems-level insight. Synthetic biology-based techniques strive for scalable, long-lasting, and disease-modifying medicines, in contrast to standard medications that frequently merely address symptoms.