Precision medicine is a tailored healthcare approach that addresses the unique needs of individual patients. It accounts for individual genetic, cellular, immune, and molecular profiles to enhance diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment outcomes. Synthetic biology, combined with nanotechnology, enhances this approach by enabling generation of programmable biological systems and targeted nanoscale delivery platforms for dynamic and personalized therapies. This chapter reviews the evolution of precision medicine in diseases such as oncology, emphasizing synthetic biology and nanotechnology as innovative tools. Next, the authors cover key applications, including cell and gene therapy, immunotherapy, and pharmaco-omics, and explore clinical prospects from drug design to diagnostics and adaptive therapy. Finally, the authors conclude by highlighting the broad scope of synthetic biology in advancing precision medicine toward clinical translation.