Synthetic genomics is a field of engineering biology that involves modifying or constructing viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells with synthetic genomes. Synthetic genomes are used to alter or create new functions in cells, such as the production of high protein expression. This chapter examines the latest discoveries in synthetic genomics, focusing on the study design and modern strategies applied to create synthetic genomes. Several techniques are used to engineer and modify both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The study conducted by Fredens and colleagues discovered the first living organism with a fully synthetic DNA code, called Escherichia coli Syn61, by using a prokaryotic cell. The Yeast 2.0 project is a well-known example of synthetic genomics where eukaryotic fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were genetically modified with artificial genomes to create a fully synthetic yeast strain. These artificial genomes are used by researchers to better understand how genomes function, the organism’s metabolism, and the production of chemical molecules for medicines or biofuels.