Inheriting 70% of the Soviet Union’s sci-tech potential, Russia is considered a world power in science and technology. However, its political and economic transformation in the 1990s has seriously impeded its scientific and technological development, and the energy-based economic development model driven by the high oil price has widened its gap from advanced countries. The financial crisis in 2008 accelerated the new round of sci-tech revolution, industrial reform, and military reform worldwide. All major countries in the world were searching for new drivers of economic development, and innovation became an arena of fierce competition. To catch up with this global trend of innovative development and shake off its over-reliance on energy export, the Russian authorities have actively planned and rolled out strategies for sci-tech innovation, improved its innovation capacity, and transformed the economic growth pattern, in hopes of maintaining and securing a vantage point in the heated international competition.