Load Frequency Control of Two-Area System Incorporating Wind Farms through HVDC Lines and Electric Vehicles Using Improved Sine Cosine Based PID Controller with HVDC Link

Renewable energy sources (RES) supplant conventional power generation methods in modern power systems. With a substantial increase in wind farms (WFs) and the emergence of the Electric Vehicle Aggregator (EVA) within the power system (PS), the challenge of regulating frequency becomes more pronounced. EVA can facilitate Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services, enabling Electric Vehicles (EVs) to participate in load frequency control (LFC). A two-area PS with thermal, WF, and EVA has been considered for the LFC study. Also, the effect of a High-voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link installed parallel to the AC power line to enhance the system’s dynamic response on load frequency control has been considered in this study. The proposed research of LFC has implemented an Improved Sine Cosine Algorithm (ISCA) optimized Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller on the said two area PS for simulation to analyze the dynamic response of control areas with different loading conditions. A comparative performance analysis has been conducted to demonstrate the impact of LFC on different gains of EVA in the presence of WFs. Also, various step load Disturbances (SLD) on the system are applied to check the robustness of the proposed control scheme. The optimization method utilizes Integral Time-Weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) as the objective function. The simulation outcomes validate the assistance of EVAs with WFs in LFC.