Climate change poses a significant threat to small-scale inland fisheries (SSIF) in India, impacting both aquatic ecosystems and the livelihoods of millions dependent on them. This chapter assesses the ecological and socio-economic vulnerabilities of SSIF across rivers, floodplain wetlands, and reservoirs, highlighting key indicators such as rising temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, increased frequency of extreme events, and changes in species composition and fish productivity. Case studies from the Ganga basin and other inland systems reveal significant declines in fish diversity, shifts in species distribution, habitat degradation, and increased fisher migration. The chapter discusses vulnerability assessment frameworks and methods, with emphasis on exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. It also outlines major constraints in SSIF, including limited awareness, weak institutional support, and lack of climate-resilient infrastructure. Adaptation and mitigation strategies such as enclosure culture, ranching, use of climate-resilient fish species, habitat restoration, and livelihood diversification are reviewed. The chapter underscores the need for policy attention, capacity building, and integration of climate-smart approaches to enhance the resilience of SSIF and ensure long-term sustainability in the face of increasing climate variability.