Small Indigenous Fishes (SIFs) are vital for food security, nutrition, ecosystem sustainability, and rural livelihoods, particularly within India’s small-scale inland fisheries (SSIF). These species, generally under 30 cm in length, are nutrient-dense and culturally important, yet they remain overlooked in mainstream fisheries policy and data collection. SIFs are rich sources of essential amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins (A, D, B12), and minerals like calcium, zinc, and iron, making them crucial for combating malnutrition and hidden hunger, especially among vulnerable groups. Predominantly found in rivers, wetlands, ponds, and reservoirs, SIFs contribute substantially to local diets and household income, often consumed directly due to their affordability and availability. Despite their importance, SIF populations are under threat due to overfishing, pollution, habitat loss, and invasive species. Climate change adds further stress, altering habitats and reducing population viability. The chapter highlights the role of SIFs in achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those targeting hunger (SDG 2), poverty (SDG 1), gender equality (SDG 5), and biodiversity conservation (SDG 14 & 15). Conservation strategies should include habitat restoration, regulation of fishing practices, pollution control, and promotion of SIF culture through pens, backyard ponds, and polyculture systems. Community participation and capacity-building are essential for sustainable management. Integrating SIFs into nutritional and conservation policies can significantly benefit human health and environmental sustainability.