Wetlands in the states of West Bengal and Bihar play a crucial role both ecologically and economically, serving as key hubs for one of India’s largest small-scale fisheries (SSF) sectors. These freshwater ecosystems support biodiversity, contribute to food security, and sustain rural livelihoods. However, despite their significance, the SSF sector in these regions grapples with various challenges such as environmental degradation, weak institutional frameworks, and suboptimal productivity. This chapter examines the nature, relevance, and present condition of SSF in the floodplain wetlands of eastern India. It underscores the socio-economic contributions of artisanal fishing communities while identifying persistent issues like limited access to modern technologies, fragmented markets, and insufficient policy support. The discussion incorporates the vulnerability-to-viability (V2V) framework, supported by field observations and case studies from selected wetlands in Bihar and West Bengal. To address these challenges, the chapter explores promising interventions such as culture-based fisheries, cage and pen aquaculture, and stock enhancement practices. These technologies offer scalable pathways to boost fish yields, enhance sustainability, and strengthen community resilience. The chapter advocates for cohesive institutional mechanisms, effective habitat and fisheries governance, and empowerment of local fishers to close the gap between the potential and actual productivity of wetlands. It concludes by proposing a strategic framework that integrates sustainable practices, community engagement, and policy coherence to ensure the long-term ecological, social, and economic viability of small-scale fisheries.