International trade conflicts arise when countries have competing overall, long-term, and/or specific, short-term national interests. An analytical framework for the overall, long-term conflicts of interest between countries is provided by three principles of international trade disputes in this chapter. The first principle is the classic principle of comparative advantage. The second is the principle of international monopoly profits, and the third is the principle of growth trap of specialization solidification. While the first principle explains how the global output pie can be enlarged through the international specialization, the second and the third principles explain the conflicting national interests in dividing the global output pie.