India has made significant strides in species recovery and conservation, despite ongoing threats such as habitat destruction, climate change, pollution, and wildlife crime. The country’s conservation history dates back to the time of Emperor Ashoka, who declared the first protected areas as ‘forests without fear’ (Abhaya Aranya). However, modern conservation efforts began with the Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972, which laid the foundation for structured legal protection and conservation initiatives. One of the earliest and most successful projects, Project Tiger, launched in 1973, helped stabilize and increase tiger populations through habitat protection, stringent anti-poaching measures, and advanced monitoring techniques. The chapter explores various species recovery programs across India, highlighting success stories such as the revival of vulture populations, the conservation of the Great Indian Bustard, and efforts to protect the endangered Nilgiri Tahr. The drastic decline in vulture numbers, primarily due to the use of diclofenac in veterinary medicine, was reversed through strict bans and captive breeding programs. Similarly, the critically endangered Great Indian Bustard, which once had a widespread distribution, has benefited from conservation breeding programs, habitat restoration, and anti-poaching measures. The Nilgiri Tahr, a species endemic to the Western Ghats, faces challenges from habitat fragmentation and climate change, yet targeted conservation programs have shown promise in stabilizing its population. A key aspect of species conservation in India is addressing human-wildlife conflict. With nearly 65% of the population residing in rural areas close to protected landscapes, competition for resources often results in negative interactions between people and wildlife. Conservation strategies now integrate community participation, sustainable livelihood alternatives, and environmental education to mitigate such conflicts. Additionally, illegal wildlife trade and habitat fragmentation due to urbanization and deforestation continue to threaten species survival, necessitating stronger enforcement of conservation laws. India’s legal framework, including the Wildlife Protection Act (1972), the Forest Conservation Act (1980), and the Biological Diversity Act (2002), provides the foundation for conservation policies. Government agencies like the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), and the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) play crucial roles in implementing conservation measures. In the field of habitat restoration, conducting research, and implementing anti-poaching measures NGOs like WWF India and the Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) play a pivotal role.