This study addresses the performance requirements of new high-speed, high-thermal-load coupling friction components used in marine environments under extreme conditions. We investigated the performance enhancement techniques for carbon-based friction elements. Using carbon/ceramic composite materials as the research subject, we designed a graphene composite precursor with a unique three-dimensional structure. Efficient preparation of the carbon/ceramic composite materials was achieved via powder metallurgy sintering. By introducing Si-C bonds, B-C bonds and Y-shaped C-C bonds at the micro-scale, we significantly improved the mechanical properties of the composite materials. The resulting carbon/ceramic composites exhibited a compressive strength of 1816.5 MPa, a flexural strength of 586.5 MPa, and a friction coefficient greater than 0.5. Under high thermal load conditions, these materials demonstrated excellent mechanical and frictional performance, significantly enhancing the reliability and service life of friction components. This research provides important theoretical and technical support for the selection and optimization of materials for high-speed marine friction components, with broad application prospects.