When operating under high speed and heavy loads, double row tapered roller bearings (DTRBs) generate increased heat. Excessively high contact surface temperatures can reduce the hardness of the bearing’s rolling elements and rings, thereby decreasing load-bearing capacity and causing premature failure. Addressing the issues of roller profile which lead to greater load capacity and compression in the contact area between the roller and ring, as well as changes in the temperature field distribution and the highest temperature occurring in the middle, and the unclear overall temperature distribution of the bearing under compound loads, this study establishes a dynamic model of DTRB based on thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (TEHL) theory. The model considers the influence of lubricant grease film and analyzes the effects of roller profile shape, applied radial and axial loads on the temperature distribution of the rollers and the entire bearing. The results indicate that the roller profile form will have a great influence on the bearing edge temperature. Compared with the unmodified roller, the modified roller will have the trend that the high temperature value moves from the edge to the center of the contact area. Additionally, the composite load between the two rows of rings significantly alters the temperature distribution of the bearing. These findings provide theoretical support for optimizing roller profiles and selecting measurement points in bearing temperature experiments.