Lepidium didymum L., commonly known as Lesser Swinecress, is a widely distributed plant in the Brassicaceae family and has traditionally been overlooked as a weed. Recent studies have revealed its potential medicinal and nutritional benefits, owing to its rich phytochemical composition. The plant contains bioactive compounds, such as glucosinolates, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils, which exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. Additionally, its nutritional profile includes essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers, making it a potential functional food source. This chapter explores the phytochemical composition, therapeutic properties, and nutritional significance of L. didymum and emphasizes its potential applications in pharmacology and nutrition. This chapter aims to encourage further research into the role of this plant in improving human health and addressing global challenges, such as malnutrition and chronic diseases.