The global energy demand has been steadily increasing in recent years, driven by the rapid growth of industries, urbanization (Vo et al. 2024), and population expansion (Jones and Warner 2016). This surge in energy consumption has highlighted the pressing need for the development of energy storage systems that are not only efficient and capable of storing high amounts of energy but also sustainable (Schainker) and environmentally friendly. Energy storage plays a critical role in balancing the supply and demand for electricity, especially in renewable energy systems where energy production is intermittent and variable. However, despite significant advancements in energy storage technologies, there remain substantial challenges related to energy density, stability, cost, and sustainability.