Orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in the Global South and Southern Africa face significant challenges due to the disharmony between traditional and contemporary leadership philosophies. The country's history of colonialism and adoption of Western leadership models has diluted traditional African leadership approaches, resulting in a disconnect between community-based initiatives and modern OVC care and support systems. This qualitative desktop and critical discourse analysis book, “Challenges Facing Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Traditionalism versus Contemporarism Perspectives”, explores the role of traditional leadership in supporting OVC and promoting resilience. The book emphasises the importance of integrating traditional and contemporary approaches to care and support for OVCs. Traditional leaders play a crucial role in meeting the fundamental human needs of OVCs, including physiological and psychological needs. However, the mismatch between traditional and contemporary leadership approaches hinders the effectiveness of social care professionals in rural communities. The study reveals that traditional leadership structures, such as Zunde raMambo (King's granary) and communal interdependence, promote philanthropic approaches that cater to disadvantaged individuals, including OVCs. These traditional structures foster a sense of community solidarity and social cohesion, which is critical in promoting resilience among OVC. This book's main finding is that the lack of synchronicity between traditional and contemporary OVC care and support systems compromises the effectiveness of social care professionals in rural communities. The study recommends the establishment of an integrated contextually based OVC care and support model that combines traditional and contemporary approaches.