The global community has made significant efforts to protect the rights and well-being of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) through conventions like the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. Despite these efforts, OVC in the Global South and Sub-Saharan Africa continue to face numerous challenges, including poverty, HIV/AIDS, conflict, and natural disasters. The implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 10 (SDG 10), which aims to reduce inequalities, has been particularly challenging in these regions due to factors such as limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, and harmful cultural practices. The CRC and the African Charter have played a crucial role in shaping national policies and laws to protect children’s rights. However, their implementation remains inconsistent, and many countries struggle to translate these international commitments into tangible improvements on the ground. The challenges facing OVC are further exacerbated by climate change, demographic shifts, and technological gaps, which disproportionately affect vulnerable regions, such as Sub-Saharan Africa. This book employs a desktop and critical discourse analysis approach to examine the challenges facing OVC from traditional and contemporary perspectives. The analysis reveals that traditional approaches to supporting OVC, such as community-based care and kinship foster care, are often hindered by contemporary challenges, including urbanisation, migration, and economic instability. The study finds that addressing the needs of OVC requires a holistic approach that combines traditional practices with modern interventions, including social protection programs, education, and healthcare. Policymakers and practitioners globally, in the Global South, and Sub-Saharan Africa should adopt a multifaceted approach that addresses the root causes of vulnerability, such as poverty and inequality.