This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of Bangladesh’s socio-economic development and the crucial role of dairy farming in sustaining rural livelihoods. The livestock sector—particularly dairy farming plays a vital role in the national economy by generating employment, income, nutritional security, and foreign exchange through milk, meat, hides, and related products. Cattle serve multiple functions in rural households, offering milk, meat, draught power, and manure. Women are central to dairy activities, engaging in feeding, milking, and marketing, which enhance their income and decision-making capacity. The chapter further explores the structure, trends, and challenges of the dairy industry, highlighting policy initiatives, institutional support, and the potential of small-scale dairy farming to reduce poverty, strengthen food security, and promote women’s empowerment in rural Bangladesh.