Abiotic stresses, intensified by climate change and unsustainable agricultural practices, severely constrain plant productivity and ecosystem stability. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as key biofertilizers, offer a promising nature-based solution to enhancejb plant resilience and promote sustainable agriculture. AMF form obligate symbiotic associations with most terrestrial plant roots, fundamentally improving host hydromineral acquisition (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen) and growth, especially under suboptimal environmental conditions. There is a pivotal role of AMF symbiosis in mitigating diverse abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, heat, and heavy metal toxicity. The underlying mechanisms conferring enhanced tolerance involve multifaceted physiological and molecular adaptations: improved nutrient status and ion homeostasis, modulation of phytohormone networks, transcriptional regulation of stress-responsive genes, accumulation of compatible osmolytes, and enhanced antioxidant defense systems. By stabilizing essential metabolic processes, AMF fortify the plant’s intrinsic adaptive capacity and contribute to yield stability under abiotic stress conditions. This chapter highlights current advances in understanding AMF-mediated stress mitigation, emphasizing their significant contribution to plant growth regulation and yield stability under abiotic stress conditions. It further underscores their strategic importance in developing climate-resilient and sustainable agricultural systems.