Inequality of income and wealth becomes apparent when social categories of people are compared. Inequality is thought of as both universal and particularised or causal. The former assumes that inequality is systemic in all societies. The latter gathers interrelated factors of inequality, where the causality of inequality is understood to be historical, normative or structural. Historical inequality is shaped by kinship, age and prestige. Normative inequality is organised through race, class and gender. Structural inequality is framed by distribution of rights, political power, public goods and services, financial services and banking and public participation. The monograph does not flow from a neatly generic ordering of inequalities, nor is it based on country comparison or country crosscutting terms. Inequality is situated by the BRICS authors according to country-specific descriptive analysis. Sometimes, a case study forms the nucleus for highlighting the manifestation of inequality within a country context.