In order to seize the development opportunities in new fields presented by the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, major countries in the world have further integrated S&T innovation strategies, enhanced S&T innovation decision-making, improved the national system of S&T decision-making consultants, S&T advisers and S&T think tanks, and strengthened the normalized communication between the scientific community and decision-making departments. From the perspective of S&T development strategies, a variety of S&T think tanks study major S&T strategies and policy issues pertaining to the overall situation of economic and social development, and seek systematic solutions through mechanism analysis, impact analysis and policy analysis within the framework of think tank science and engineering. They think about S&T development trends in a forward-looking manner based on the law of S&T development; scientifically assess the impacts of such trends based on the law of social development; move on to policy analysis and prediction based on the law of policy development; and conduct a strategic study of major S&T innovation governance issues based on the law of governance and come up with scientific, forward-looking, and systematic solutions. In the complex context of increasingly fierce S&T competition, a sound system and operation mechanism of S&T decision-making consultants, S&T advisers and S&T think tanks is the institutional foundation for “strengthening strategic input from the S&T sector”. Solutions expected by decision makers should be swift, prompt, accurate, moderately advanced and highly effective. Only think tank products that conform to the laws of S&T development strategics and think tank science and engineering can meet the requirements of S&T decision makers.