Introduction
摘要
Siemens & Halske AG exhibited an about 550-m section of electrified railway at the Berlin Trade Exhibition held in 1879, marking the first instance of electric traction being used to pull trains in human history. In May 1881, Germany built and put into operation an electrified railway that spanned 2.45 km at Lichterfelde, on the outskirts of Berlin. This railway became the world’s first commercially operated electrified railway, ushering in a new era of electric traction for railways. In the mid-twentieth century, societal development created an increasingly strong demand for railway transport, leading to extensive construction of electrified railways (Qian 2003).